![]() ![]() Papers requested by users were requested from LibGen and served from there if available, otherwise they were fetched by other means and then stored on LibGen. Until the end of 2014, Sci-Hub, which provides free access to millions of research papers and books, relied on LibGen as storage. It is also blocked by ISPs in France, Germany, Greece, Belgium (which redirects to the Belgian Federal Police blockpage), and Russia (in November of 2018). Libgen is blocked by a number of ISPs in the United Kingdom, but such DNS-based blocks are claimed to do little to deter access. Libgen is reported to be registered in both Russia and The Netherlands, making the appropriate jurisdiction for legal action unclear. In late October 2015, the District Court for the Southern District of New York ordered Libgen to shut down and to suspend use of the domain name (), but the site is accessible through alternate domains. In response, the admins accused Elsevier of gaining most of its profits from publicly funded research which should be freely available to all as they are paid for by taxpayers. In 2015, Library Genesis became involved in a legal case with Elsevier, which accused it of copyright infringement and granting free access to articles and books. As a result, databases are being maintained independently and content differs between libgen.fun and other Libgen domains. In 2020, the founder of the project created a new website under an alternate domain, "libgen.fun", due to internal conflict within the project. As of 28 July 2019, Library Genesis claims to have more than 2.4 million non-fiction books, 80 million science magazine articles, 2 million comics files, 2.2 million fiction books, and 0.4 million magazine issues. By 2014, its catalog was more than twice the size of library.nu with 1.2 million records. It subsequently absorbed the contents of, and became the functional successor to, library.nu, which was shut down by legal action in 2012. In the early 21st century, the efforts became coordinated, and integrated into one massive system known as Library Genesis, or LibGen, around 2008. Librarians became especially active, using borrowed access passwords to download copies of scientific and scholarly articles from Western Internet sources, then uploading them to RuNet. The volunteers moved into the Russian computer network ("RuNet") in the 1990s, which became awash with hundreds of thousands of uncoordinated contributions. This was legalized under President Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, and expanded very rapidly at a time of affordable desktop computers and scanners, and very small research budgets. In a society where access to printing was strictly controlled by heavy-handed censorship, dissident intellectuals hand copied and retyped manuscripts for secret circulation. Library Genesis has roots in the illegal underground samizdat culture in the Soviet Union. Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients. ![]()
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